Abadi

Cinta tidak akan memudar,
jika ketertarikan tidak memudar.

Sehingga,
orang yang tidak memelihara
...daya tarik pribadinya,
akan kehilangan cinta
secepat hilangnya daya tarik.

Jatuh cinta itu mudah,
sangat mudah sekali,
jika dibandingkan dengan keharusan
untuk memelihara daya tarik
untuk tetap pantas dicintai.

Tapi,
orang yang sering menuntut dicintai,
sering lupa untuk tetap menjadi
pribadi yang menarik.

Mario Teguh

SPITZ

Spitz (スピッツ) adalah grup musik rock asal Jepang yang dibentuk tahun 1987. Lagu-lagu mereka sering digunakan sebagai lagu latar iklan televisi dan serial drama. Setelah menjadi lagu tema serial drama Hakusen Nagashi, lagu "Sora mo Toberuhazu" menjadi lagu yang sering diputar sewaktu upacara perpisahan sekolah di Jepang.

Sebagian lagu-lagu Spitz menjadi lagu hit abadi, seperti "Sora mo Toberuhazu", "Robinson", dan "Cherry". Walaupun demikian, hanya 5 buah singel mereka yang pernah menduduki urutan nomor 1 tangga lagu Oricon, (tiga lagu di antaranya langsung menduduki urutan pertama). Berbeda dengan grup musik Jepang yang lain, Spitz jarang memasukkan kata-kata bahasa Inggris ke dalam lirik lagunya. Judul lagu mereka yang menggunakan bahasa Inggris juga lebih sering ditulis dengan aksara katakana, misalnya "I Need You" atau "Looking for".

Nama "Spitz" berasal dari bahasa Jerman yang antara lain berarti "runcing" atau "kritis". Masamune Kusano sang vokalis menyenangi kata-kata yang memiliki huruf "s" dan "p" (seperti "special" atau "crispy"), sehingga kata "spitz" dipilihnya dari kamus. Selain itu, anjing ras Japanese Spitz yang senang menggonggong cocok dengan citra band mereka. Sepanjang dekade 1960-an hingga awal tahun 1970-an, anjing Spitz Jepang memang pernah sangat populer. Klub penggemar Spitz juga diberi nama Spitzbergen, yang berasal dari nama pulau di Norwegia.

Keempat personil Spitz pernah mendapat pendidikan tinggi di bidang seni. Kusano bersama Tamura pernah berkuliah di Universitas Tokyo Zōkei, walaupun Kusano nantinya pindah ke Universitas Seni Musashino. Tamura dan Miwa keduanya juga pernah sekelas sewaktu SMP.


MEMBER :
* Masamune Kusano: vokal, gitar, pencipta lagu
Lahir 21 Desember 1967 di Fukuoka. Lulusan jurusan desain Universitas Seni Musashino.

* Tetsuya Miwa: gitar
Lahir 17 Mei 1967 di kota Shizuoka, Prefektur Shizuoka. Lulusan Bunka Fashion College.

* Akihiro Tamura: bass, pemimpin band
Lahir 31 Mei 1967 di Fujieda, Prefektur Shizuoka. Sempat kuliah di Universitas Tokyo Zōkei.

* Tatsuo Sakiyama: drum
Lahir 25 Oktober 1967 di kota Sano, Prefektur Tochigi. Lulusan Bunka Fashion College.

Apapun itu namanya

Menghargai perasaan orang lain ternyata lebih utama daripada memenangkan rasa puas perasaan pribadi. Dengan mengalah dan memberi kenyamanan pada orang lain, kita memberi cinta pada sesama.

Ada saatnya mengalah, ada saatnya menjelaskan tanpa dominan, ada saatnya marah dengan santun, ada saatnya diam dengan cinta.

Cerita, "Pensil"

Pada jaman dulu, pensil dibuat secara manual dalam arti tidak menggunakan mesin-mesin canggih seperti sekarang. Sebelum merakit pensil, seorang tukang pensil memilih kayu kecil yang benar-benar lurus dengan ukuran yang sesuai. Sesudah itu ia akan membelah kayu menjadi dua tepat di tengah. Di tengah-tengah belahan kayu tersebut dipasang batangan grafit. Sepasang kayu tersebut kemudian diolesi lem dan dikatupkan kembali.
Proses itu pulalah yang dilakukan oleh Charles. Charles adalah seorang tukang pensil yang cukup terkenal. Memang, tidak banyak orang yang bisa membaca dan menulis waktu itu. Hanya orang-orang tertentu saja yang membutuhkan jasa Charles. Biasanya kaum bangsawan maupun keluarga kerajaan. Sehingga, kedudukan pembuat pensil di mata masyarakat waktu itu pun juga cukup terpandang.

Tetapi ada yang unik dari Charles. Setelah selesai merakit pensil dan sebelum dimasukkan ke kotaknya, Charles selalu berkata-kata dulu pada pensil buatannya. Begini katanya:

“Ada lima hal yang wajib kamu ketahui untuk menjadi pensil yang sempurna.” Ia melanjutkan,

“Pertama, ingatlah bahwa kalian hanya bisa menghasilkan tulisan yang indah jika ada sebuah tangan yang menuntun kalian.

Kedua, setiap akan dipakai kalian akan diraut dan dikikir. Ini adalah proses yang sangat menyakitkan. Tapi hanya itulah satu-satunya cara agar kalian bisa selalu tajam, sempurna, dan layak digunakan.

Ketiga, jangan takut untuk berbuat salah karena kalian bisa memperbaikinya sekalipun tidak bisa menghapusnya.

Keempat, bagian terpenting pensil terletak di dalam diri kalian, yaitu batangan grafit untuk menulis.

Kelima, mungkin kalian tidak digunakan untuk menulis di atas kertas melulu, adakalanya di tembok, di kanvas, atau di tempat-tempat lain yang tidak seharusnya. Tetapi, tetaplah setia untuk menggoreskan grafitmu. Karena tugasmu hanyalah menulis, tidak peduli dimanapun kamu akan ditugaskan.”

——————-

Sahabat,... Jika cerita di atas direnungkan, apa yang dikatakan Charles kepada pensil buatannya sangat mirip dengan apa yang terjadi pada manusia:

Pertama, manusia akan hanya bisa menghasilkan karya yang indah jika manusia tersebut membiarkan Tangan Tuhan mengendalikannya.

Kedua, manusia akan selalu bertemu dengan berbagai masalah. Tetapi harus diakui bahwa masalah-masalah tersebut membuat manusia bisa makin bertumbuh dan makin sempurna.

Ketiga, setiap manusia bisa berbuat salah, tetapi setiap manusia juga bisa memperbaiki kesalahan sekalipun tidak mampu untuk menghapusnya.

Keempat, keindahan manusia justru terletak pada bagian dalamnya, bukan pada sisi luarnya.

Kelima, adakalanya manusia merasa berada di tempat-tempat yang tidak seharusnya. Tetapi manusia harus tetap setia dengan peran dan tugasnya di tempat-tempat tersebut, mungkin Sang Pencipta memiliki rencana tersendiri kenapa manusia dibiarkan berada di tempat-tempat yang tidak seharusnya.

[CeritaInspirasi.net]

Now and Always

I need you in times of pain, of fear and stress;

even to smile in my happiness too.

I need you to share my joys,
to share my tears too,
with you.

I need you yo hold on and be strong,

when things are going wrong.

I need you to keep the faith and trust,

and remind what i'm!

I need you only for two times,

Now n Always. 

Thanks 4 loving me....n this heart 4 u...^^

Learning from the Japanese Economy

The Japanese Economic Miracle

Japan's Recent Economic Problems

Resources

Despite recent improvements, Japan today still faces some of the same structural problems that triggered its 15 year economic malaise including low productivity growth relative to the past, continuing high consumer prices for basic necessities such as food, and record post-war unemployment rates. Japan's post-war economic rise and its current relative stagnation offers students and teachers opportunities to both learn more about Japan and better understand economic concepts. Through understanding recent Japanese economic history, students gain knowledge about what causes economic growth and the relationship between economic flexibility and continuing prosperity.


Although the rise of China has major international implications, the fact that Japan remains the world's second largest economy is another important reason that it should be a topic for study in American classrooms. Also, Japan and the United States have an extensive relationship with each other. Although the United Kingdom is the leading foreign direct investor in the United States, each year Japan ranks among the top five countries in investment in this country.

The Japanese Economics Miracle

After World War II, East Asia was the only region of the world that experienced continual substantial economic growth and no other East Asian country enjoyed more economic success than Japan. The Japanese economic pie grew at an annual rate of ten percent from the mid-1950s until the Arab oil shocks of the early 70s. The Japanese then managed to maintain much more modest but steady growth rates until the early 1990s. Many factors contribute to economic growth, and although some reasons are more important than others, economists and economic historians agree that all of the following contributed to Japan's economic rise:

State-Assisted Capitalism

In the early 1870s, shortly after the Meiji Restoration, Japan's new political leadership faced the problem of Western imperialism. Japan's oligarchs quickly decided to build both a strong economy and a strong military. Meiji leaders systematically studied various economic models and made the deliberate decision to adopt a Prussian-style government-directed capitalism where the government plays a significant role in determining what is produced and allocates capital through control of the financial system. Free trade is considered harmful much of the time. The legal framework is considered subservient to state interests and, most importantly, the economy is viewed as existing to serve the interests of the nation, not the individual. The Japanese rejected the Anglo-American laissez-faire model in which the market largely determines what products are produced, and banks and the stock market allocate capital. Free-trade is considered highly desirable. Business and government are viewed as separate entities, and the legal framework (or rules of the economic game) is considered important. Above all, the economy is viewed as serving the individual not the state. Through great state assistance to a few industries, Japan had become, even before World War II, a world leader in aluminum, ship building, and rayon. While Japan's defeat in World War II meant a radical de-emphasis of the military, the Japanese continued to pursue the goal of economic strength. After the war, the Japanese government continued its practice of promoting and protecting particular industries and discouraging foreign and even domestic competition. These policies were achieved first through tariffs and later through so-called informal trade barriers such as environmental or consumer production regulations written in a way that excluded foreign or even aspiring domestic firms from entering new markets.

The Occupation

Although the occupation of Japan did not result in the kind of rebuilding Europe experienced under the Marshall Plan, American-introduced policies resulted in higher Japanese savings rates and lower inflation.

The Korean War

While the U.S. did not defend South Korea with the intention of helping the Japanese economy, massive American purchases of goods and services during the war served as a major economic boost to the still-recovering Japanese economy.

The World Free Trade Boom

Due in part to the post-war climate engineered by the U.S. and Britain, free trade substantially increased relative to the 1930s, creating a favorable situation for Japanese exports.

Shift From Dependent to Less Dependent Industries

Before the 1950s, a number of leading Japanese industries, epitomized by textiles, were heavily dependent upon expensive raw materials. By the latter part of the same decade, the Japanese were producing goods such as cars that required fewer imports. This made Japanese exports less expensive. Even though Japan's miracle was not export-led and the country did not begin substantial exporting until the 1960s, when the export boom did occur in Japan, it made a strong economy even stronger.

A Surplus of Well-Educated Workers

As late as 1950, fifty percent of Japan's population lived on farms. Japan's excellent schools and a high birth rate placed employers from the 1950s until the late 1960s in the enviable situation of having a large supply of young, well-educated, rural high school or junior high school graduates who were no longer needed on farms and who desired industrial employment.

Surplus Funds for Investment

Private savings, which banks and other financial institutions in turn lend to expanding businesses, are extremely important for economic growth. Japan's high savings rates enabled Japanese industrialists during the miracle years to obtain massive amounts of funds for expansion very cheaply.

Trade Union Structure/Industrial Relations

Japan has industrial rather than craft unions which means management negotiates with one rather than several labor unions. Also, lifetime employment in major industries, a seniority system where people are rewarded eventually if they remain with one company, and worker participation strategies all have contributed to harmonious and productive Japanese work places.

Competition and Entrepreneurship

Even though the government played a larger role in the Japanese economy than was the case in the United States, domestic private competition in such industries as motorcycles, automobiles, and consumer electronics was fierce. Successful Japanese entrepreneurs in these, as well as other industries, were able to build powerful companies that benefited the entire economy.

A Stable Political Situation

During the miracle years, the voters continued to elect members of one political party, the Liberal Democratic Party, thereby avoiding the political unrest that hurt the economies of other nations during this time.

Low Military Expenses

While Japan today has one of the largest armed forces in the world, because the U.S. viewed Japan as strategically important during the Cold War and thus shouldered a major portion of the costs of Japan's defense, Japan was freed from the burden of spending a large portion of its wealth on its military.

Japan's Recent Economic Problems

The most important lesson to be learned from Japan's decade and a half economic stagnation is that circumstances change quickly, and if a system is incapable of adjusting to those changes well, the economic quality of life will certainly suffer. This is what occurred with the Japanese system of state-assisted capitalism.


During the miracle years, Japan had few economic competitors in Europe and none in Asia. Because Japan was a Cold War ally, the United States ignored Japanese policies that discouraged imports. The situation is now dramatically different. Japan faces strong international competition. Although the U.S. government is not as concerned about trade issues as prior to the War on Terror, it periodically is critical of Japan's barriers to imports. Protectionism makes life worse for most Japanese. Also, as a result of the communication and computer revolutions, the very nature of global economic competition has changed. Companies now must make swift business decisions in order to remain competitive. While there has been moderate deregulation, Japan's relatively inflexible economic system still makes it difficult for Japanese companies to respond as quickly to competitive challenges as their foreign counterparts. In the face of dramatic new economic challenges the Japanese system continues to change much too slowly.


For example, the typical Tokyo family spends about one third more of its household income each year on food than that of a New York family in part because of informal and formal trade barriers that still keep much foreign produce out of Japan. The ruling Liberal Democratic Party and bureaucrats friendly to the farm lobby are responsible for this situation. Even though Japan's full-time farmers constitute a miniscule percentage of the nation's workforce, they are solid LDP supporters and have been protected from foreign competition as consumers suffer. Government protection of highly inefficient industries such as construction and food processing wastes resources and causes Japanese individuals and firms to pay much more for products than would otherwise be the case. In an effort to secure political support from the construction industry, the LDP often supports useless public works projects thus increasing Japan's already high-government deficit. Because until very recently large Japanese companies would not lay off permanent employees, many Japanese industries still have high costs compared to companies in other developed nations. However, Japanese companies are now significantly changing employment practices in order to again become healthy.


During the 1980's Bubble, Japan's state-directed banking system made an enormous number of loans to non-productive companies, who are still unable to pay them back, which has created a credit crunch for potentially strong firms who need capital. As of 2004 the large majority of economists and policy makers concur regarding what reforms Japan needs and there are definite signs of progress. Japan has entered into agricultural free trade agreements recently with other nations thereby weakening the excessive power of farmers. Although the nonperforming loan problem remains substantial, the total amount of bad debt has been reduced. Also, even though the amount is very low by the standards of developed countries, Japan is increasingly open to foreign investment. Still, much further reform must occur before the Japanese economy returns to full health.


An increasing number of Japanese and foreign observers believe that the only long-term solution to Japan's structural economic problems will be the rise of a political party strong enough to wrest power from the LDP thus ending the excessive coddling of special interests groups at the expense of the nation's economic health. Recently the Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) won impressive gains in national elections. Although they do not need to "become like us," the Japanese should move more in the direction of freer and more unregulated capitalism and away from the still somewhat inflexible state-directed system that was created to solve a different set of economic problems than the ones that exist today. These reforms must continue to progress because demographic changes in Japan's population also threaten the nation's economic viability. Very soon Japan will have the highest percentage of citizens over 65 of any developed country. Already, because of an almost-twenty-year baby "bust," Japan's population is growing at a mere 0.08 percent (estimate for 2004) and may soon start declining. The most effective way to combat the enormous cost of these demographic changes is through impressive economic growth. Because of Japan's massive global impact, the world will be better off if Japan again becomes an economic engine of growth. Meanwhile, American students can learn much about an important country and about economics from Japan's successes and failures.


For further information please consult the following sources.

Resources

Books

Katz, Richard. Japanese Phoenix: The Long Road to Economic
Revival. New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2002.


Lincoln, Edward J. Arthritic Japan: The Slow Pace of Economic Reform. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2001.


Mak, James, Shyam Sunder, Shigeyuki Abe and Kazuhiro Igawa.
Japan: Why It Works, Why It Doesn't, Economics in Everyday
Life. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.


Nippon Nyumon: An Idea Book for Teaching Japanese Economic
Topics. Bloomington, IN: National Clearinghouse for U.S.-
Japan Studies and ERIC Clearinghouse for Social Studies/
Social Science Education; Washington, D.C.: National
Council for the Social Studies, 1999.

Periodicals

Foreign Affairs, 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021.


Far East Economic Review, GPO Box 160, Hong Kong.


Education About Asia, 1021 East Huron Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104. http://www.aasianst.org/eaa-toc.htm The Oriental Economist Report, 30 East 20 Street, #202, New York, NY 10003.

Web Sites

The Institute for International Economics: http://www.iie.com
Lucien Ellington is UC Foundation Professor of Education at the University of Tennessee at Chattanooga. Ellington is also Co-director of the UTC Asia Project and Editor of Education About Asia. His e-mail address is Lucien-Ellington@utc.edu


This Japan Digest was made possible through the generous support of the Japan Foundation Center for Global Partnership.

The "Purpose" of Dreams

by G. William Domhoff

 

Dreams are so compelling, and they often seem so weird and strange -- surely they must have a "purpose"; that is, an "adaptive role" in the maintenance of our bodily or psychological health. Furthermore, all the famous theorists who talk about dreams claim that dreams do have one or another purpose (although the famous theorists disagree on just what those functions are), but the best current evidence suggests otherwise. Dreams probably have no purpose!
So let's review the arguments and the evidence. We'll start with the claims made by psychoanalysts and clinical psychologists in the first 50 years of the century based on their work with patients, then turn to more recent claims, some of which are based on work in sleep and dream laboratories that flourished in the 1950's and 1960's. The views presented here are those of research psychologists who have studied dreams inside and outside the laboratory, especially David Foulkes and Calvin Hall. References to Foulkes' work are provided at the end of this document.
The first and most famous dream theorist of the modern era, Sigmund Freud, said that the function of dreams was to preserve sleep, but that theory from the year 1900 is contradicted by the fact that dreams happen very regularly at least five or six times per night in an active stage of sleep called REM sleep (after the rapid eye movements that are part of it, along with many other neurological and physiological changes). In other words, dreams don't just happen as we are about to wake up due to hunger pangs, sexual urges, or the need to go to the bathroom, as Freud thought way back when, before REM sleep was discovered in 1953.
The other famous dream theorist of the modern era, Carl Jung, an early follower of Freud who broke away to develop a very different theory, claimed that the function of dreams is to compensate for those parts of the psyche (total personality) that are underdeveloped in waking life, but Calvin Hall's studies of two-week dream series from students and longer dream journals from adults of all ages strongly suggest that dream content is continuous with waking thought and behavior. That is, if we are outgoing and active in our waking life, and not very introspective and reflective, then so too in our dream life, which contradicts Jung's view.
Still other dream theorists say that dreams have a problem-solving function. Dreams supposedly deal with problems we can't solve in waking life and offer solutions. But a variety of systematic studies find precious little support for this view. However, this is one of those places where we have developed "uses" for our dreams as part of our cultural lore. Looking at them in the light of waking day, and believing that they may be full of insight, we may sometimes come up with new ideas or insights while studying them. That is, we have invented a "use" for dreams, but that doesn't mean that problem solving is a psychological function of dreams built into us over evolutionary time.
So much for the claims by clinical theorists. Now we look at claims that have emerged in recent years, but are tied to no particular theory or famous theorist. They are the new "common sense" of our day, based on a reverence for physiological findings and the awesome capabilities of computers.
When REM sleep was first discovered, it was thought that dreams only occurred during that stage of sleep. This led to many functional theories about dreaming that were based on alleged functions for REM sleep. But we now have reason to believe that plenty of dreams happen in non-REM (NREM) sleep, especially late in the sleep period.
Furthermore, awakenings of children under age 5 in the sleep laboratory reveal that they only report dreams from REM sleep awakenings 20-25% of the time, so REM sleep does not automatically equate to dreaming. In addition, REM sleep can be found in all mammals, and it is unlikely that they are dreaming, i.e., imagining a world or story in which they are taking part and interacting with others. Dreams, as the pre-eminent American psychologist on dreams, David Foulkes, likes to say, are a "cognitive achievement." We only gradually develop the ability to dream. What all this adds up to is that REM sleep and dreaming are not the same thing, so whatever functions REM sleep may have cannot be taken as functions for dreaming and dreams.
The fact that we remember so few of our dreams -- a few percent at best -- also argues against any function for dreams. If they are so important, why don't we remember more of them? Furthermore, the people who remember a great many dreams don't seem to be any different from those who remember few or none, at least on the standard personality tests that have been used in many studies to date. If dreams are important, why aren't the recallers of them better off in some way?
With the advent of computers, it became fashionable to say that dreams are "clearing out the software" from a busy day, or that they are a form of "off-line" processing to save the good stuff and get rid of the useless. Aside from the fact that such theories show how susceptible our supposedly highest thinking is to the dominant technology of any given era, the problem with this theory of dream function is that very, very little in dreams deals with the events of the day. Often there is some little leftover from the day, first noticed by Freud and named "day residue," but the rest of the dream is a story that does not deal with actual events. The story is usually plausible and even mundane, and it often contains the most important people and concerns of our lives, but it is nonetheless a story.
We are thinking creatures because thinking is a valuable adaptation, but that doesn't mean that all forms of thinking have a function. Dreams at this moment in the collective findings of dream researchers seem to be a "throw-away" production, an off-hand story to while the night away. That judgment could be changed tomorrow by new and original studies by a new generation of young dream researchers, but right now the preponderance of the evidence weights against any physiological or psychological function for dreaming and dreams.
(Click here for a detailed refutation of the "problem-solving" theory of dreams.)

But Dreams Have Meaning

This doesn't mean that dreams have no "meaning," that they make no sense. To the contrary, dreams correlate with age, gender, culture, and personal preoccupations, as evidence on this site and in many research studies suggests.
"Meaning" has to do with coherence and with systematic relations to other variables, and in that regard dreams do have meaning. Furthermore, they are very "revealing" of what is on our minds. We have shown that 75 to 100 dreams from a person give us a very good psychological portrait of that individual. Give us 1000 dreams over a couple of decades and we can give you a profile of the person's mind that is almost as individualized and accurate as her or his fingerprints.

And, Yes, Dreams Have Their "Uses"

Even if dreams have no physiological or psychological functions, human beings gradually invented uses for them. In more technical terms, dreams have an "emergent" function that develops through culture. For example:

• In a great many societies, dreams are used by shamans to diagnose illness (often thought to be caused by evil or angry spirits) and to enter the spiritual world. In that sense, shamans were the first psychoanalysts, and Freud and Jung are modern-day shamans.
• In some societies, dreams are used to find game, predict the weather, or prophesy about the future. In our society, at least since about 1900, they have been used in psychotherapy, although not as much in recent years when the emphasis is on short-term therapy and on thinking sensible thoughts. Dreams can be an "occasion" for a reticent patient to talk more personally, especially when we note that people do not take as much personal responsibility for their dreams as they do most of their other thoughts, making dreams easier to talk about.
• In our society, dreams are also an excuse to say something intimate to someone, maybe a tentative way to see if a deeper relationship is possible, as in "I had this nice dream about you last night."
• Finally, the phrase "I had this dream last night..." is a platform to say whatever nonsense, lie, or fantasy someone might have on his or her mind, because there's no way to determine if the claim is true or not. Now, we have every reason to believe that people are honest when they are reporting their dreams for academic studies, as we explain in our section on representative samples and the quality of our data. But, when the popular dream hustlers tell you of their amazing dreams and promise that you can have similarly amazing dreams if you buy their book or attend their workshops, then hold on to your hat -- and your wallet.

Don't Like Your Dreams? Forget Them!

Most dream researchers think it is worthwhile to remember your dreams, and they have tips for improving your recall. But the evidence we have presented here suggests something else: they are not important, so perhaps not worth remembering. So, unless you find your dreams fun, intellectually interesting, or artistically inpiring, then feel free to forget your dreams. If they just upset you or leave you puzzled, then why bother with them?
But how does one forget his or her dreams? Well, since we've found that thinking of dreams as useful or important is the best predictor of high dream recall, then maybe telling yourself that they are not useful or important will lower your recall. It also helps to turn your attention to the external world and events of the forthcoming day when you wake up -- don't lie there and daydream and let your mind drift because that might lead to dream recall. And if you do happen to remember a fragment of a dream, don't try to recall the rest, just ignore it.
Of course, if you enjoy your dreams and they don't bother you, dream away, and have fun!

---

Suggested Reading

• David Foulkes (1985). Dreaming: A cognitive-psychological analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
• Corrado Cavallero and David Foulkes (1993). Dreaming as Cognition. New York: Harvester/Weatsheaf. [Especially chapters 1, 2, 6, and 7]
• Allan Moffitt, Milton Kramer, and Robert Hoffman (1993). The Functions of Dreaming. Albany, NY: SUNY Press. [Especially the chapters by Foulkes and Antrobus.]

Prisoner Of Love - Utada Hikaru

Romaji I'm a prisoner of love Prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love I'm just a prisoner of love A prisoner of love Heiki na kao de uso wo tsuite Waratte iyake ga sashite Raku bakari shiyou to shite ita Naimono nedari buruusu Mina yasuragi wo motomete iru Michitariteru no ni ubaiau Ai no kage wo otte iru Taikutsu na mainichi ga kyuu ni kagayakidashita Anata ga arawareta ano hi kara Kodoku demo tsurakutemo heiki da to omoeta I'm just a prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love Prisoner of love Prisoner of love I'm a prisoner of love Yameru toki mo sukoyaka naru toki mo Arashi no hi mo hare no hi mo tomo ni ayumou I'm gonna tell you the truth Hitoshirezu tsurai michi wo erabu Watashi wo ouen shite kureru Anata dake wo tomo to yobu Tsuyogari ya yokubari ga muimi ni narimashita Anata ni ai sareta ano hi kara Jiyuu demo yoyuu demo hitori ja munashii wa I'm just a prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love Oh mou sukoshi da yo Don't you give up Oh misutenai zettai ni Zankoku na genjitsu ga futari wo hikisakeba Yori issou tsuyoku hikareau Ikura demo ikura demo ganbareru ki ga shita I'm just a prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love Arifureta nichijou ga kyuu ni kagayakidashita Kokoro wo ubawareta ano hi kara Kodoku demo tsurakutemo heiki da to omoeta I'm just a prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love I'm a prisoner of love Prisoner of love Prisoner of love I'm just a prisoner of love I'm a prisoner of love Stay with me, stay with me My baby, say you love me Stay with me, stay with me Hitori ni sasenai

English I'm a prisoner of love Prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love I'm just a prisoner of love A prisoner of love I lied with a straight face My laughter made me sick I tried to take the easy way out It's the asking-for-too-much blues Everyone's longing for peace Fighting even when they're satisfied Chasing after love's shadow The boring days suddenly began to shine Since the day you appeared I thought I'd be fine even when I was lonely or hurt I'm just a prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love Prisoner of love Prisoner of love I'm a prisoner of love In sickness and in health Let's walk together through rain or shine I'm gonna tell you the truth I chose a secret, painful road But you encourage me You're the only one I can call a friend Bravado and greed have become meaningless Since the day you loved me Freedom just means the emptiness of being alone I'm just a prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love Oh, just a little more Don't you give up Oh, don't ever abanon me Even if the cruel reality tears us apart We'll be drawn to each other that much more strongly I knew I could keep trying no matter, no matter what I'm just a prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love The ordinary days suddenly began to shine Since the day you stole my heart I thought I'd be fine even when I was lonely or hurt I'm just a prisoner of love Just a prisoner of love I'm a prisoner of love Prisoner of love Prisoner of love I'm just a prisoner of love I'm a prisoner of love Stay with me, stay with me My baby, say you love me Stay with me, stay with me Don't leave me alone

"Mahou no Kotoba ~Would you marry me?~" ("The Magic Words: Would you marry me?")

(Would you marry me?) [!!] Itsumo sou janai anta nayanderu kedo Datte mou kimatteru kuse ni Mada maniau'n janai OK! Imasugu ni demo OK! Henji suru dake janai Kokoro no oku ni aru kimochi Tsutaenakucha ne! "Would you marry me, honey?" Omedetou ima Yatto deaeta mahou no kotoba Totemo sasai na hajimari ga hora Totemo ookina ai ni kawatteku Tsuyogaru hitomi ya chotto bukiyou na kuchi Yappa busaiku na nakigao Soredemo anata no Rin to shita sugata ni Zutto akogareteiru kara Nani yori taisetsu na koto o Anata wa shitteru ne! Hiroi sekai de deaeta kiseki Oogesa dakedo unmei da yo ne Yagate futari ga toshi o tottemo Kenka no ato wa KISU (Kiss) demo shinasai! Itsuka wa watashi deau ka na? Mahou no kotoba ni Ah... "Would you marry me, honey?" Omedetou ima Yatto deaeta mahou no kotoba Totemo sasai na hajimari ga hora Totemo ookina ai ni kawatteku (Yes, I will!) [!!]

(Would you marry me?) [!!] You're always like that; you're worrying -- Even though you've already made up your mind. There's still time... OK! Do it right now! OK! All you have to do is give him an answer! You have to convey Those feelings deep in your heart! "Would you marry me, honey?" Congratulations -- Now you've finally heard those magic words! Look, it's a very small start, But it will lead to a great big love. Your eyes show that you're pretending to be strong, And your words are kind of clumsy, And you end up bluffing... But I've always wanted To be as composed as you. You know what's more important Than anything else, don't you! It was a miracle that the two of you met in this big world... Maybe I'm exaggerating but it's fate. Eventually, you'll grow old... After you've had an argument, Kiss or something! Will I get to hear Those magic words someday? Ah... "Would you marry me, honey?" Congratulations -- Now you've finally heard those magic words! Look, it's a very small start, But it will lead to a great big love. (Yes, I will!) [!!]     Performed by: Do As Infinity (Tomiko Van) Lyrics: Tomiko Van & Ryo Owatari Composition: Dai Nagao ("D.A.I") Arrangement: D.A.I & Seiji Kameda

Enam Rumus Baru Kelembaban Kulit

Wajib diketahui untuk mendapatkan kulit lembab nan cantik.

 

 

VIVAnews - Kulit yang cantik bukan kulit yang putih. Tetapi kulit yang selalu segar dan terjaga kelembabannya. Menjaga kelembaban adalah kunci utama kulit agar terlihat sempurna.

Untuk mendapatkan kulit yang cantik, Anda bukan hanya harus menggunakan pelembab secara teratur. Ada rumus baru yang wajib diketahui untuk mendapatkan kulit lembab nan cantik. Intip rumus berikut yang dilansir dari au.lifestyle.yahoo.com.

1. Serum atau minyak
Mulailah menggunakan serum atau minyak zaitun sebelum tidur untuk menjaga kelembaban kulit wajah. Saat bangun pagi, kulit akan terasa lebih kenyal dan segar.

2. Tabir surya dengan pelembab ekstra
Tabir surya bisanya hanya mengandung sedikit formula pelembab. Tetapi ada beberapa yang juga mengandung pelembab ekstra. Jadi, cobalah lebih selektif dalam memilih tabir surya.

3. Body lotion berkualitas
Biasanya seseorang suka dengan body lotion karena aromanya. Tetapi fungsi utama body lotion adalah melembabkan kulit tubuh. Untuk itu, pastikan body lotion Anda berkualitas dan mampu menjaga kelembaban kulit dalam waktu lama, bukan hanya sekedar beraroma. 

4. Foundation krim
Foundation bentuk krim, lebih bisa melembabkan kulit. Tidak perlu ragu menggunakannya, pastikan saja Anda mengaplikasikannya dengan tipis. Formula pelembab ekstra bisa sekaligus mempercantik kulit Anda.

5. Pengelupasan
Lakukan pengelupasan atau eksfoliasi dengan scrub yang berbasis minyak. Hal ini agar pengangkatan sel-sel kulit mati bisa dilakukan dengan menjaga kondisi kulit agar tetap dalam keadaan lembab.

6. Jaga kulit bawah mata
Kekeringan yang terjadi pada kulit bawah mata bisa dengan mudah menjadi keriput. Untuk itu, cara paling mudah jaga kelembabannya dengan menggunakan krim mata secara teratur. (pet)
• VIVAnews

Larangan-larangan untuk ibu hamil

DokterSehat.com –

“Kalau lagi hamil, jangan sering mandi air panas, Bu” saran seorang teman padaIbu Lita.

“Iya, juga jangan berhubungan intim dengan suami,” saran teman yang lain.

Aduh, kok, banyak benar larangannya. Ini nggak boleh, itu nggak boleh. Hampir dipastikan pengalaman Ibu Lita pun pernah menimpa Anda. Apa benar saat hamil begitu banyak hal-hal yang dilarang dilakukan? “Padahal orang hamil itu, kan, sebetulnya orang sehat,” ujar Dr. Dwiana Ocviyanti, Sp.OG dari RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta.Berhati-hati jelas perlu. Bahkan, perlu dilakukan sebelum kehamilan dimulai. Saat ini, konseling prahamil sudah banyak dilakukan masyarakat. “Tujuannya untuk menyiapkan kehamilan yang sehat. Sehingga bisa menghindari hal-hal yang tidak diinginkan. Terutama yang berkaitan dengan kebiasaan, konsumsi bahan makanan, dan sebagainya,” ujar Ovy, sapaan akrab Dwiana.

Nah, agar ibu hamil tidak selalu cemas sepanjang kehamilannya sebaiknya kita mengenali apa yang boleh dan tidak boleh saat hamil. Apa saja?
Melukis
Bagi yang hobi melukis, aktivitas ini bisa tetap dilakukan selagi hamil. Tapi, jangan terlalu lama atau berlebihan, misalnya sepanjang hari. Cukup 1-2 jam setiap hari.
Yang dikhawatirkan selama melukis bau cat dapat terhirup dalam waktu lama. Karena sebagian besar jenis cat mengandung bahan kimia. “Karena itu sebaiknya melukis dilakukan di udara terbuka untuk mengurangi terekspos terlalu lama dengan cat,” saran Ovy.
Hubungan Seks

Orgasme bisa menyebabkan keguguran di usia kehamilan muda dan menyebabkan persalinan di usia kehamilan lanjut. Tapi, hal tersebut tak terbukti pada kehamilan normal. “Jadi, aktivitas ini boleh-boleh saja dilakukan. Asal tidak ada indikasi kelainan pada kehamilannya, semisal letak ari-ari di bawah atau perdarahan.”

Olahraga

Bila Anda terbiasa rutin dan gemar berolahraga, semasa hamil pun dapat diteruskan. Hanya saja olahraga yang dilakukan bukanlah yang berbahaya dan mengandung risiko, seperti balapan mobil, berkuda, lompat-lompat, arung jeram, dan sebagainya. Tapi, lakukanlah olahraga ringan selama 5-30 menit, misalnya jalan pagi, senam ringan, atau berenang. “Jalan merupakan olahraga paling aman semasa hamil.” Berenang pun termasuk olahraga yang kecil risikonya dan dapat dilakukan sepanjang usia kehamilan. “Berenang dapat membuat punggung terasa nyaman dan tubuh menjadi ringan, karena terhindar dari gravitasi.”

Naik pesawat

Boleh dilakukan sebelum usia kehamilan 7 bulan. Sebetulnya bayi dalam kandungan tak bermasalah dengan ketinggian dan perbedaan tekanan udara. Agar perjalanan dengan pesawat lebih nyaman sebaiknya duduk di pinggir “gang” agar mudah bila mau ke kamar kecil. Gunakan pula tali pengaman agar duduk nyaman, dan gunakan penyangga kaki agar tak menimbulkan bengkak dan juga bantal kecil di belakang punggung.

Bepergian dengan pesawat memang berisiko tinggi. Bila kondisi udara buruk, lantas ibu menjadi stres. Ibu bisa kekurangan oksigen dan mengalami sesak nafas. Sementara bayi dalam kandungan membutuhkan oksigen. “Bila hal ini terjadi di trimester akhir, maka bisa terjadi persalinan prematur atau bayi meninggal dalam kandungan.”

Merokok

“Bayi yang dilahirkan dari ibu perokok hampir selalu memiliki berat lahir rendah,” kata Ovy. Ibu perokok mengakibatkan bayi mendapat darah lewat plasenta lebih sedikit, sehingga zat asam dalam darahnya sedikit. Akibatnya berat badan bayi pun lebih rendah dibanding bayi dari ibu tidak merokok. Jadi, semasa hamil bahkan jauh sebelum hamil, kegiatan yang tak bermanfaat ini sebaiknya dihentikan. Jangan ambil risiko, Bu!

Rontgen

Radiasi tak boleh dilakukan, apa pun indikasinya. Semua bentuk radiasi berpotensi membahayakan perkembangan janin. Pada saat ini janin sedang dalam perkembangan. “Semua jenis radiasi dapat mengacaukan perkembangan sel. Sehingga terjadi mutasi sel yang bisa berkembang ke arah kanker, cacat dan sebagainya.” Bila diperlukan penyinaran, seperti untuk mengetahui patah tulang atau rontgen gigi, sebaiknya katakan pada dokter bahwa Anda tengah hamil.

Sauna

Pada masa kehamilan kegiatan ini sama sekali tak menyenangkan. Apalagi dilakukan dalam ruang tertutup dan udara yang panas. Sementara wanita hamil, kan, sudah banyak mengalami penguapan dari tubuhnya dengan seringnya berkeringat. Jadi, buat apa bersauna?

Mandi Malam

Yang harus diperhatikan wanita hamil masalah higienis. Kalau tak mandi, bisa timbul jamur karena wanita hamil banyak berkeringat. “Jadi, boleh saja mandi malam asal tak sampai menggigil kedinginan.” Bila tak ingin mandi, minimal membasuh dengan waslap, membersihkan daerah kemaluan, membersihkan daerah lipatan kulit danatau rontgen gigi, sebaiknya katakan pada dokter bahwa Anda tengah hamil.

Bekerja di depan komputer

Memang belum adkehamilan. Lagipula radiasi dari komputer bisa dikatakan kecil sekali. “Jadi, boleh saja asal tak terlalu lama.” Perhatikan pula sikap tubuh, agar tak muncul keluhan sakit punggung. Cobalah sesering mungkin untuk bergerak. Sebaiknya setiap 1-2 jam Anda melakukan kegiatan lain, seperti jalan-jalan sebentar atau menggerakkan anggota badan.

Mengemudi

Bila kehamilan tak bermasalah, Anda diperbolehkan mengemudi. Tapi, perhatikan jarak dan lama mengemudi. Sering-seringlah mengubah posisi untuk mengendorkan otot-otot kaki. Jangan menunda keinginan buang air kecil karena terlalu asyik mengemudi.Memasuki trimester ketiga kehamilan, Anda memerlukan seorang pengemudi. Perut yang membesar akan menyulitkan Anda mengemudi dengan baik. Selain itu, juga menghindari kemungkinan yang tak diinginkan, misalnya terjadi kontraksi ketika tengah mengemudi.

Diet

Tak baik bagi kondisi ibu dan bayi, karena bisa menimbulkan kekurangan vitamin, mineral dan bahan makanan lain. Diet hanya boleh dilakukan atas persetujuan dokter. Beberapa ibu hamil justru dianjurkan diet bahan makanan tertentu. “Tujuannya, tentu saja bukan menurunkan berat badan, tapi agar berat badan ibu tak bertambah secara berlebihan.” Kenaikan berat badan normal selagi hamil tak lebih dari dua kilogram sebulan. Bila perlu kurangi jenis makanan tertentu yang dapat menambah berat badan berlebih, seperti cake, tart, biskuit, makanan yang berlemak dan manis-manis.

Cat

Hindarilah kontak dengan cat, sekalipun hanya menghirup bau thinner-nya. Karena zat yang terdapat dalam cat bisa masuk ke dalam tubuh. Tak heran bila ada orang yang merasa pusing setelah mencium baunya, apalagi bagi wanita hamil. Memang belum diketahui pasti apakah bahan cat bisa berbahaya bagi perkembangan janin atau tidak. Tapi, pencegahan tentu selalu lebih baik, bukan?

Bahan pembersih dan pengkilap

Mengandung bahan-bahan kimia yang dapat diserap lewat kulit dan masuk ke dalam aliran darah di mana janin sedang berkembang. Karena itu, hindari kontak langsung dengan kulit. Sebaiknya gunakan sarung tangan bila dalam pekerjaan, Anda harus menggunakan bahan pembersih atau pengkilap.

Pewarna Rambut

Memang belum ada bukti yang menunjukkan bahan-bahan kimia dalam pewarna rambut berbahaya bagi janin. Tapi, di lain pihak, pewarna rambut pun tak terbukti aman sama sekali. Jadi, sebaiknya sementara Anda hamil, tundalah keinginan untuk mengecat rambut.

Kosmetik

Sebetulnya kosmetik mengandung bahan kimia, kendati jumlahnya sangat sedikit. Kandungan merkuri dalam kosmetik diketahui berbahaya bagi janin. Karena itu, konsultasikan pada ahlinya kosmetik yang aman buat ibu hamil.

Stoking

Jangan membatasi peredaran darah di kaki selama kehamilan, karena dapat menimbulkan pembengkakan. Jadi, jangan gunakan stoking yang membungkus kaki dengan ketat.

Sebaiknya gunakanlah stoking dari bahan lunak bila Anda merasa perlu memakainya untuk menjaga keindahan dan kehangatan di ruang ber-AC. Penderita varises bisa tetap menggunakan stoking khusus varises.

Sepatu

Pemilihan sepatu semasa kehamilan lebih pada kenyamanan dan keamanan. Karena tubuh mengalami perubahan maka penting untuk menghindari sepatu yang akan membebani bagian punggung bawah dan otot-otot kaki. Seperti halnya sepatu berhak tinggi bisa berisiko terpeleset, jatuh dan kaki terkilir.

Sama halnya dengan sepatu bertumit rata yang lebih disukai, juga harus menunjang kaki dengan baik. Hindari pula yang dapat menyebabkan Anda jatuh atau tergelincir. Ketika membeli sepatu ukurannya sedikit lebih besar dari biasanya, sebagai antisipasi kaki yang membengkak yang umum terjadi semasa kehamilan.

Alkohol

Sebaiknya tak dikonsumsi sama sekali. Bila wanita suka minum minuman beralkohol harus dihentikan sebelum kehamilan terjadi. Tak ada tingkat pemakaian alkohol yang aman semasa kehamilan. Minuman beralkohol tersebut akan masuk ke dalam darah bayi melalui darah ibunya. Sementara hati janin belum berfungsi maksimal, maka minuman tersebut akan tetap beredar di dalam darah. Pada wanita yang minum alkohol dalam jumlah berlebihan, sebagian besar akan berisiko pada bayi. “Bisa menghambat pertumbuhan fisik, otak dan sebagainya sehingga bayi lahir dengan cacat fisik, kerusakan jantung dan retardasi mental.”

Kendati ada ibu yang mengatakan, “Saya minum alkohol, anak saya tak apa-apa, kok.” Tapi, semua penelitian menunjukkan angka kejadian pertumbuhan janin terhambat jauh lebih tinggi pada bayi dengan ibu yang minum minuman beralkohol. Jadi, sifatnya tidak kausatif melainkan risk (berisiko).

Daging setengah matang

Sebaiknya diolah sampai matang, karena bahan makanan berasal dari hewan bisa mengandung bakteri, parasit, protozoa dan bahkan berbagai jenis cacing. Pada telur setengah matang pun bisa ditemukan salmonela yang dapat mengakibatkan penyakit typhus.

Bahan makanan yang mengandung kuman tersebut bisa masuk dalam darah ibu dan menyebabkan infeksi, misalnya, toksoplasma. “Nah, semua infeksi pada ibu hamil menyebabkan gangguan pada bayi. Untuk mengetahuinya dilakukan pemeriksaan darah. Bila Anda terinfeksi, dokter akan melakukan yang terbaik bagi Anda.”

Pil KB

Saat belum menyadari Anda hamil, mungkin Anda masih mengkonsumsi pil KB. Tak perlu terlalu khawatir, karena pil KB tak secara langsung menyebabkan efek pada janin, misalnya bayi cacat.

Lagipula, hormon-hormon sintetis dalam pil KB hampir sama dengan hormon-hormon alami yang diproduksi tubuh. Tapi, segera hentikan setelah tahu diri Anda hamil.

Kafein

Boleh saja, kok, Anda minum kopi, asal tak berlebihan. Tapi, ingat, kafein merupakan suatu perangsang yang berpengaruh dan bisa meningkatkan produksi hormon stres. Peningkatan ini menyebabkan berkurangnya aliran darah ke rahim dan berkurangnya oksigen mencapai janin. Jadi, mengkonsumsi kafein dalam jumlah yang banyak tak baik bagi Anda dan bayi Anda.

Sedangkan minum teh disarankan tidak berbarengan dengan vitamin/makanan yang mengandung zat besi. “Teh akan menghambat penyerapan zat besi.”

Obat pereda sakit

Jangan minum obat sembarangan! Tapi, bukan berarti bila sakit tak boleh minum obat, lho. Selalu konsultasikan dengan dokter kandungan bila Anda akan mengkonsumsi obat-obatan tertentu. Atau, beri tahukan dokter bila Anda sedang hamil, sehingga ia akan menuliskan resep obat yang aman untuk ibu hamil.

Read more: http://doktersehat.com/2011/05/19/larangan-larangan-untuk-ibu-hamil/#ixzz1OO1MtsFq

Pelajaran 1: Partikel

Partikel, misalnya wa, mo, ka, dan sebagainya, dalam bahasa Jepang memegang peranan yang amat penting. Jadi, kita belajar Partikel dulu yuk...



1. wa (は） wa menunjukkan Subyek si pembicara atau topik.
Watashi wa syain desu = わたし　は　しゃいん　です = Saya adalah seorang karyawan.
2. mo (も）mo memiliki fungsi yang sama dengan wa, menunjukkan pokok pembicaraan, tetapi mo dipakai untuk pokok yang predikatnya sama dengan yang sudah diketahui sebelumnya.
Takada-san wa nihon-jin desu　 = たかださん　は　にほん　じん　です　= Sdr. Takada adalah orang Jepang.
Tamura-san mo nihon-jin desu. = たむらさん　も　にほん　じん　です　= Sdr. Tamura juga orang Jepang.
3. ka (か） untuk bertanya
Untuk membuat kalimat tanya, ka diletakkan pada akhir kalimat, nada suara pada akhir kalimat ditinggikan.
Anata wa syain desu ka = あなた　は　しゃいん　です　か　= Apakah anda seorang karyawan?
4. no (の）no memiliki fungsi menghubungkan 2 K. Benda. K. Benda yang di depan menerangkan K. Benda yang di belakang. Hati-hati, biasanya kita suka terbalik-balik.Watashi wa Batam-denki no syain desu = わたし　は　バタムでんき　の　しゃいん　です　= Saya adalah karyawan (dari) perusahaan listrik Batam.Watashi wa Indonesia no daigakusei desu = わたし　は　インドネシア　の　だいがくせい　です　= Saya adalah mahasiswa (dari) Indonesia.

Berikutnya, kita kenali dengan baik penggunaan desu dan -san ya...5. desu (です) atau dalam bahasa Inggrisnya: to bedesu adalah kata kerja yang paling dasar. Diletakkan di akhir kalimat yang predikatnya adalah K. Benda atau K. Sifat.Watashi wa Indonesia-jin desu = わたし　は　インドネシア　じん　です　= Saya orang Indonesia.Indonesia wa shimaguni desu = インドネシア　は　しまぐに　です　= Indonesia adalah negara kepulauan.
6. san (さん)
san adalah kata yang selalu diucapkan setelah menyebut nama orang, tetapi ingat ya, san tidak pernah dipakai sewaktu menyebut nama sendiri.Watashi wa Hanamura desu = わたし　は　はなむら　です　= Saya Hanamura.Anata wa Kitamura-san desu ka = あなた　は　きたむらさん　です　か　= Apakah anda Sdr. Kitamura?
Oh iya, menyebut nama orang Jepang biasanya dipakai nama lengkap atau nama keluarga saja, sedangkan nama kecil hanya diucapkan oleh orang-orang dekat atau keluarga. Oke?

Nah, sekarang coba deh berlatih membuat kalimat sederhana dengan menggunakan partikel di atas. Selamat mencoba.


www.yukbelajarnihongo.blogspot.com

Kosa Kata Bahasa Jepang (1)

Kosa Kata (1)

Di halaman Kosa Kata ini, kita akan belajar mengenal kata-kata yang ada dalam bahasa Jepang, cara menulisnya dengan menggunakan huruf hiragana atau katakana, dan menghafal artinya dalam bahasa Indonesia.


わたし = watashi = saya
あなた = anata = anda, saudara
わたしたち = watashi-tachi = kami, kita
かれ = kare = dia (laki-laki)
かのじょ = kanojyo = dia (perempuan)
みなさん = minasan = saudara sekalian, anda sekalian
あのひと = ano hito = orang itu, dia
せんせい = sensei = guru
しゃいん = syain = karyawan, pekerja
だいがくせい = daigakusei = mahasiswa
けんしゅうせい = kenshyuusei = trainee, peserta training
がっこう = gakkou = sekolah
かいしゃ = kaisya = perusahaan
バナナ = banana = pisang
ラジオ = rajio = radio
たべます = tabemasu = makan
ききます = kikimasu = mendengar
だれ = dare = siapa
はい = hai = ya
いいえ = iie = tidak, bukan
でんき = denki = listrik, lampu
にほん = nihon = Jepang
にほんご = nihongo = bahasa Jepang
インドネシア = indoneshia = Indonesia
~じん = ~jin = orang~ (kebangsaan, daerah)
きのう = kinou = kemarin
きょう = kyou = hari ini
あした = ashita = besok
あさって = asatte = besok lusa
おはよう　ございます = ohayou gozaimasu = selamat pagi
こんにちは = konnichiwa = selamat siang, halo
こんばんは = konbanwa = selamat malam
おやすみなさい = oyasuminasai = selamat istirahat, selamat tidur
さよなら = sayonara = selamat tinggal
ありがとう　ございました = arigatou gozaimashita = terima kasih
どういたしまして = douita shimashite = terima kasih kembali
すみません = sumimasen = maaf, permisi, terima kasih
は じめまして = hajimemashite = "Saya bertemu dengan anda yang pertama kalinya" (diucapkan pada waktu perkenalan / pertama kali bertemu)
どうぞ　よろしく = douzo yoroshiku = "Terimalah perkenalan saya dengan baik" (diucapkan pada saat mengakhiri perkenalan)


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